Aristotle
728 b σπέρμα οἷον κύημά ἐστιν. λέγω δὲ κύημα τὸ 35πρῶτον μίγμα1 θήλεος καὶ ἄρρενος. διὸ καὶ ἐξ ἑνὸς σπέρματος ἓν σῶμα γίνεται, οἷον ἐξ2 ἑνὸς πυροῦ εἷς πυθμήν, ὥσπερ ἐξ ἑνὸς ᾠοῦ ἓν ζῷον (τὰ 729 aγὰρ δίδυμα τῶν ᾠῶν δύο ᾠά ἐστιν). ἐν ὅσοις δὲ τῶν γενῶν διώρισται τὸ θῆλυ καὶ τὸ ἄρρεν, ἐν3 τούτοις ἀφ᾿ ἑνὸς σπέρματος ἐνδέχεται πολλὰ γίνεσθαι ζῷα, ὡς διαφέροντος τῇ φύσει τοῦ σπέρματος ἐν τοῖς φυτοῖς τε καὶ ζῴοις. σημεῖον δέ, ἀπὸ μιᾶς 5γὰρ ὀχείας πλείω γίνεται ἐν τοῖς πλείω δυναμένοις γεννᾶν ἑνός. ᾗ καὶ δῆλον ὅτι οὐκ ἀπὸ παντὸς ἔρχεται ἡ γονή· οὔτε γὰρ ἂν κεχωρισμένα ἀπὸ τοῦ αὐτοῦ μέρους εὐθὺς ἀπεκρίνετο, οὔτε ἅμα ἐλθόντα εἰς τὰς ὑστέρας ἐκεῖ διεχωρίζετο· ἀλλὰ συμβαίνει 10ὥσπερ εὔλογον, ἐπειδὴ τὸ μὲν ἄρρεν παρέχεται τό τε εἶδος καὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν τῆς κινήσεως, τὸ δὲ θῆλυ τὸ σῶμα καὶ τὴν ὕλην, οἷον ἐν τῇ τοῦ γάλακτος πήξει τὸ μὲν σῶμα τὸ γάλα ἐστίν, ὁ δὲ ὀπὸς ἢ ἡ4 πυτία τὸ τὴν ἀρχὴν ἔχον τὴν συνιστᾶσαν, οὕτω τὸ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἄρρενος ἐν τῷ θήλει μεριζόμενον. δι᾿ 15ἣν δ᾿ αἰτίαν μερίζεται ἔνθα μὲν εἰς πλείω ἔνθα δ᾿ εἰς ἐλάττω ἔνθα δὲ μοναχῶς, ἕτερος ἔσται λόγος. ἀλλὰ διὰ τὸ μηθέν γε διαφέρειν τῷ εἴδει, ἀλλ᾿ ἐὰν
Generation of Animals, I.
were a fetation.a (By fetation I mean the primary mixture of male and female.) This explains incidentally why one body only is formed from one seed—e.g., one stalk from one grain of corn, just like one animal from one egg (double-yolked eggs of course count as two eggs). In those groups, however, where male and female are distinct, many animals may be formed from one semen, which suggests that the nature of semen in animals differs from that in plants.b We have as a proof of this those animals which are able to produce more offspring than one at a time, where more than one are formed as the result of one act of coitus. This shows also that the semen is not drawn from the whole body; because we cannot suppose (a) that at the moment of discharge it contains a number of separate portions from one and the same part of the body; nor (b) that these portions all enter the uterus together and separate themselves out when they have got there.c No; what happens is what one would expect to happen. The male provides the “form” and the “principle of the movement,”d the female provides the body, in other words, the material.e Compare the coagulation of milk. Here, the milk is the body, and the fig-juice or the rennet contains the principle which causes it to set.f The semen of the male acts in the same way as it gets divided up into portions within the female. (Another part of the treatiseg will explain the Cause why in some cases it gets divided into many portions, in others into few, while in others it is not divided up at all.) But as this semen which gets divided up exhibits no difference in kind, all that
- aSee Introd. §§ 56 ff.
- bCf. 723 b 10, 728 a 27.
- cCf. above, 722 b 28, 723 b 14.
- dThe “Formal” Cause, and the “Motive” (or “Efficient”) Cause, i.e., sentient Soul.
- eThe “Material” Cause. See Introd. §§ 1 ff. With this passage cf. Met. 1044 a 34 ἀνθρώπου τίς αἰτία ὡς ὕλη; ἆρα τὰ καταμήνια; τί δ᾿ ὡς κινοῦν; ἆρα τὸ σπέρμα;
- fCf. 739 b 23.
- g771 b 14 ff.